| Rare_Bleeding_Disorder_Database_(RBDD) A network of the hemophilia centres around the world by International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. |
| UIUC_Hematology_Resource_Page Features diagrams and information about the various thrombophilic genetic markers, general information about clotting, glossary, and list of research sources. |
| Vicky\'s_Website The story of one woman's battle against acquired factor VIII inhibitor. |
| Viewpoint_Online__Coagulation Features articles about blood coagulation disorders including activated protein C resistance, von Willbrand's disease, and hypercoagulability. |
| Egypt_-_National_Institute_of_Occupational_Safety_and_Health_(NIOSH) This government agency is engaged in scientific and applied research, training, advisory field services, and information activities in the field of occupational safety and health. |
| Mauritius_-_Ministry_of_Labour,_Industrial_Relations_&_Employment One of the units of this ministry is the Occupational Safety and Health Inspectorate, responsible for the enforcement of safety and health legislation, and for the provision of information in the fiel |
| South_Africa_-_Department_of_Health_-_National_Centre_for_Occupational_Health_(NCOH) This government centre, based in Johannesburg, is primarily concerned with the prevention of work-related illness in South Africa. |
| Abstracts__Genetics_of_Dystonia Idiopathic torsion dystonia, by Laurie Ozelius, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Ma. 2nd Workshop Neurogenetics in Germany, Munich, October 19-21, 1995. |
| ADDER_-_Dystonia_Research Information about the organization which promotes medical and patient education about movement disorders. Includes a newsletter, publications, definitions and links. |
| The_CaF_Directory_-_Dystonia Information about dystonia from the Contact a Family charity, UK. |
| Care4Dystonia Information about dystonia, treatment, toxin use, medical care and alternative therapies. Newsletter. |
| Dopa_Responsive_Dystonia_Central Information and support for people and families afflicted with this disorder, GTP Cyclohydrolase Deficiency and Segawa's Dystonia. |
| The_Dystonia_Society_(UK) UK charity providing information and support for people with dystonia. |
| Dystonias Information page compiled by NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. |
| The_Family_Village_-_Dystonia Information, contacts, chat rooms, links related to dystonia. |
| IPL_Ready_Reference_Collection_-__Dystonia Dystonia reference. |
| Living_with_Dystonia_from_Childhood_to_hood Information about dystonia, including personal information and links to dystonia organizations. |
| Medicine_Net A description of dystonia musculorum deformans. |
| Movement_Diseases_and_Disorders__Dystonia An article explaining what dystonia musculorum deformans is, the symptoms, causes and treatment. From UCLA Neurosurgery. |
| Paroxysmal_Choreoathetosis_Disease Information compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Condition, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis. |
| Spasmodic_Dysphonia_-_Patient_Information Information about the voice disorder spasmodic dysphonia. Includes a listing and review of other sites. |
| AFP_&_Triple_Screen_Testing Testing information. |
| CDC__Prenatal_Discussion_of_HIV_Testing Testing for the HIV virus during pregnancy. |
| fFN_Test Offers information about premature labor and using the fetal fibronection test to assess the risk of premature delivery. |
| How_Stuff_Works Illustrated narrative describing an assortment of testing decisions. |
| Mother_and_Child Discusses purpose and procedure of chorionic villus sampling. Includes list of advantages and disadvantages compared to amniocentesis. |
| NT_Laboratories Offers information on a variety of prenatal tests, including amniocentisis, and the ultra-screen. |
| Perinatology_com Reference for the clinical geneticist. |
| Picture_Perfect___The_Politics_of_Prenatal_Testing Article by Elizabeth Kristol, addressing the safety and necessity of screening. |
| Prenatal_Testing Definitions of the following testing procedures: amnioscentesis, ultrasound, chorionic villi sampling, and fetal development. |
| Ultrasound_of_Fetal_Biometrics_and_Growth Details of basic measurements including scan pictures and diagrams. |
| University_of_Pennsylvania Information regarding chorionic villi sampling. |
| AAAAI__Some_Foods_May_Cause_Reactions_in_Latex_Sensitive_Individuals Foods containing proteins similar to latex that may trigger allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. |
| American_Latex_Allergy_Association Provides resources for people allergic to natural rubber latex, including latex free alternative product lists, informational packets, support groups, and a newsletter. |
| Health_Link_MCW An article about healthcare workers and latex allergies. Includes diagnosing and treatment. |
| Latex_Allergy A guide to creating a latex-free environment with a photo database of relevant products. How to recognize Intra-operative anaphylaxis and how to receive a sensitized patient. |
| Latex_Allergy Latex Allergy article written by Dr. Sumana Reddy (1998). Covers basic facts about natural rubber latex allergy. |
| Latex_Allergy An explanation as to what latex is and about the allergy. Reactions, who is at risk, the connection between latex and food and what to do if you think you have this allergy. |
| Latex_Allergy_Links_Message_Board A semi-public message board for posting information, asking questions, or responding to questions regarding latex allergy issues. |
| LATEX_(Natural_Rubber)_in_the_Hospital_Environment Non-latex alternative products list from the Spina Bifida Association. |
Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk Bl-Bz C-Cg Ch-Co Cp-Cz D-Di Dj-Dz E-Ep Eq-Ez F G H-Hf Hg-Hz I-In Io-Iz J K L-Ln Lo-Lz M-Mf Mg-Mz N O P-Pl Pm-Pz Q R S-Sh Si-Sp Sq-Sz T-Tn To-Tz U V W X Y Z 0-9 Congenital protein C or S deficiency
Contents of this page:IllustrationsDefinitionCausesSymptomams and TestsTreatmentOutlook (Prognosis)Possible ComplicationsWhen to Contact a Medical ProfessionalPreventionReferencesIllustrations
Blood clot formation
Blood clotsDefinition Return to topCongenital protein C or S deficiency is a condition that runs in families (inherited), which is caused by a lack of the proteins C or S in the fluid portion of blood (plasma). Proteins C and S are natural substances that prevent blood clots (anticoagulants). People with this condition are more likely to get blood clots.Causes Return to topCongenital protein C or S deficiency is a disorder that runs in families and causes abnormal blood clotting. Normal blood clotting involves as many as 20 different plasma proteins, called coagulation factors.A series of complex chemical reactions using these factors takes place quickly to form a protein that doesn't dissolve, called fibrin. This protein stops bleeding by forming a clot. Other plasma proteins, such as proteins C and S, stop or reverse this process to prevent too much clotting.When certain coagulation factors are low or missing, the chain reaction does not take place normally. This disorder causes an increased risk of clot formation, called thrombosis. Risk factors are a personal or family history of blood clots in the veins.This disease can be carried via genes in different ways. About 1 out of every 300 people has one normal gene and one faulty gene for protein C deficiency. Protein S deficiency occurs in about 1 in 20,000 people.Symptoms Return to topPain or tenderness in a limb or the affected areaRedness or swelling in the affected areaNote: Symptoms are the same as for deep venous thrombosis.Exams and Tests Return to topLack of protein CLack of protein SNormal thrombin timeNormal prothrombin timeNormal partial thromboplastin timeNormal bleeding timeTreatment Return to topThe drugs heparin and warfarin are used to treat deep venous thrombosis. Patients who have this disorder can take warfarin to prevent another clot.Outlook (Prognosis) Return to topThe outcome is usually good with treatment, but a patient can have symptoms again.Possible Complications Return to topPulmonary embolismRecurrent clots in the veinsMore than one pregnancy lossChildhood strokeIn rare cases, using warfarin to thin the blood and prevent clots can cause brief increased clotting and severe skin wounds. Patients are at risk if they are not treated with the blood-thinning drug, heparin before taking warfarin.When to Contact a Medical Professional Return to topCall your health care provider if you have symptoms of clotting in a vein (such as swelling and redness of the leg).Prevention Return to topIf your health care provider diagnoses you with this disorder, you should be careful to prevent clots from forming. This can occur when the blood moves slowly in the veins, such as from prolonged bed rest during an illness, surgery, or hospital stay.References Return to topHoffman R, Benz E, Shattil S, Furie B, Cohen H. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.Lietz K, Kuehling SE, Parkhurst JB. Hemorrhagic stroke in a child with protein S and factor VII deficiencies. Pediatr Neurol. March 2005;32:208-210.Update Date: 3/13/2007Updated by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
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